How should we incorporate algorithms into humanistic scholarship? The typical approach is to clone what humans have done but faster, extrapolating expert insights to landfills of source material. But creative scholars do not clone tradition; instead, they produce readings that challenge closely held understandings. We theorize and then illustrate how to construct bad robots trained to surprise and provoke. These robots aren’t the most human but rather the most alien—not tame but dangerous. We explore the relationship between the reproduction of (...) tradition and the generation of surprise and then show how formalizing a particular humanistic theory as a Bayesian prior allows us to identify readings that disrupt it through a process of algorithmic abduction. Among the exploding universe of surprising (and mostly ridiculous) possible readings, algorithmic efficiency allows us to select readings that nonetheless garner substantial support from the total archive and so merit interpretation and engagement. It is in such interaction between alien and human readers that meaning is made and understanding disturbed; it is by extending alien readings to novel texts that the scholarly community tests the value of those readings. (shrink)

Scientific endeavor is the pursuit of knowledge with the aim of advancing the welfare of all human beings. This endeavor is built on the ideology of science; thus, society relies on the integrity of the practice of science and of scientists themselves. The responsible conduct of research is the essence of good science; however, many of the pedagogical approaches used to instill integrity in science accentuate the negative rather than exemplify ideal professionalism. This paper makes an argument for the inculcation (...) of the appropriate conduct of research via a positive approach. We address the acclimation to the culture of science that supersedes diverse cultural backgrounds of students. We suggest techniques for the implementation of positive strategies and reinforce the benefit of approaching the teaching of ethical behavior as a competitive advantage. We highlight ways in which this approach can empower the individual scientist and the scientific community as a whole. Transmission of the culture of scientific professionalism formalizes the aims of an ideal scientific professional and encourages assimilation and identification as a member of the scientific profession. We purport that instilling scientific professionalism will spur responsible conduct of research. (shrink)

Recent research indicates that compensation structure can be used by firms to discourage their employees from whistleblowing. We extend the ethics literature by examining how compensation structures and financial rewards work together to influence managers’ decisions to blow the whistle. Results from an experiment indicate that compensation with restricted stock, relative to stock payments that lack restrictions, can enhance the likelihood that managers will blow the whistle when large rewards are available. However, restricted stock can also threaten the effectiveness of (...) whistleblowing systems without the presence of large financial rewards for whistleblowing. Thus, the large potential rewards for whistleblowing enacted by the Dodd–Frank Act appear timely as firms are moving toward compensation agreements that include greater proportions of restricted stock. (shrink)

L’article se concentre sur la pandémie de covid-19 dans une tentative d’évaluer la contribution éventuelle de l’analyse philosophique à la compréhension et à la résolution des problèmes éthiques, juridiques et sociopolitiques qu’elle soulève. On aborde une série de dilemmes cruciaux qui requièrent des décisions pratiques, avant et après la production et la disponibilité des vaccins, à la lumière des théories éthiques et politiques contemporaines. Il s’avère que dans la plupart des cas les conceptions déontologiques semblent l’emporter sur les considérations conséquentialistes, (...) qui ne s’imposent à notre raisonnement que dans des situations d’urgence immédiate. La pandémie nous permet également d’apprécier le rôle important des vertus éthiques et épistémiques dans la prise des décisions critiques. (shrink)

This is the 8th edition of the book, with eight new essays to the volume. Table of contents: Are We Having Sex Now or What? (Greta Christina); Sexual Perversion (Thomas Nagel); Plain Sex (Alan Goldman); Sex and Sexual Perversion (Robert Gray); Masturbation and the Continuum of Sexual Activities (Alan Soble); Love: What’s Sex Got to Do with It? (Natasha McKeever); Is “Loving More” Better? The Values of Polyamory (Elizabeth Brake); What Is Sexual Orientation? (Robin Dembroff); Sexual Orientation: What Is It? (...) (Kathleen Stock); Asexuality (Luke Brunning and Natasha McKeever); LGBTQ ... Z? (Kathy Rudy); How to Be a Pluralist About Gender Categories (Katharine Jenkins); The Negotiative Theory of Gender Identity and the Limits of First-Person Authority (Burkay Ozturk); Racial Sexual Desires (Raja Halwani); Sex and Technology: The Ethics of Virtual Connection (Neil McArthur); A Realist Sexual Ethics (Micah Newman); Sexual Morality and the Concept of Using Another Person (Thomas Mappes); Sexual Use (Alan Soble); Dark Desires (Seiriol Morgan); The Harms of Consensual Sex (Robin West); Casual Sex, Promiscuity, and Objectification (Raja Halwani); Is Prostitution Harmful? (Ole Martin Moen); BDSM (Shaun Miller); Two Views of Sexual Ethics: Promiscuity, Pedophilia, and Rape (David Benatar); Sexual Gifts and Sexual Duties (Alan Soble); A Bibliography of the Philosophy of Sex . (shrink)

Inhalts: Vorwort. A. SCHRIFTEN FICHTES. I. Gesammelte Werke. II. Einzelausgaben. III. Fremdsprachige Ausgaben. B. LITERATUR ZU FICHTE. I. Publikationen zu Leben und Werk im allgemeinen. II. Untersuchungen zu einzelnen Sachgebieten. III. Fichte und andere Denker. C. REGISTER. ZEITSCHRIFTENVERZEICHNIS. NACHTRAG.

L’article se concentre sur la pandémie de covid-19 dans une tentative d’évaluer la contribution éventuelle de l’analyse philosophique à la compréhension et à la résolution des problèmes éthiques, juridiques et sociopolitiques qu’elle soulève. On aborde une série de dilemmes cruciaux qui requièrent des décisions pratiques, avant et après la production et la disponibilité des vaccins, à la lumière des théories éthiques et politiques contemporaines. Il s’avère que dans la plupart des cas les conceptions déontologiques semblent l’emporter sur les considérations conséquentialistes, (...) qui ne s’imposent à notre raisonnement que dans des situations d’urgence immédiate. La pandémie nous permet également d’apprécier le rôle important des vertus éthiques et épistémiques dans la prise des décisions critiques. (shrink)

RESUMENEn la obra de Schelling se exhibe el esfuerzo de éste por aclarar el ideal trascendental kantiano, mediante los conceptos platónicos de peras y apeiron. En el presente artículo lo que se expone es dicho esfuerzo: tanto en el texto temprano de Schelling del Timeo, 1794; como en sus últimos textos, de la filosofía racional pura. Schelling diferencia, siguiendo a Kant en el ideal trascendental, la omnitudo realitatis respecto de aquello que ésta es. La omnituto realitatis la aclara a través (...) de los conceptos platónicos de peras y apeiron. En esta explicación consigue mantener libre respecto de la omnitudo realitatis eso que el ente –en un sentido eminente– es. O dicho de otro modo: pensar mundo y Dios de modo que éste sea pensado como independiente y libre frente al proceso del mundo.Palabras clavesIdeal trascendental kantiano, peras, apeiron, ser universal, ser individual absolutoABSTRACTSchelling’s work shows his effort to clarify the transcendental Kantian ideal through the platonic concepts of peras and apeiron. The article below describes this effort, in his early text Timaeus, 1794 as well as in his later texts, about rational pure philosophy. Schelling distinguishes, following Kant in the transcendental ideal, the omnitudo realitatis from what it actually is. The omnitudo realitatis is explained through the concepts of peras and apeiron. In this explanation what the entity is –in an eminent sense– remains free from the omnitudo realitatis. In other words: the thought of the world and God in a sense that you can think about God independently and apart from the world process.KeywordsThe transcendental kantian ideal, peras, apeiron, the universal being, the absolute individual being. (shrink)

Fichte denies the sin, the evil. Can he thereby affirm freedom of the phenomenon, of man?Fichte leugnet die Sünde, das Böse. Kann er so Freiheit der Erscheinung, des Menschen behaupten?

RESUMENEn la obra de Schelling se exhibe el esfuerzo de éste por aclarar el ideal trascendental kantiano, mediante los conceptos platónicos de peras y apeiron. En el presente artículo lo que se expone es dicho esfuerzo: tanto en el texto temprano de Schelling del Timeo, 1794; como en sus últimos textos, de la filosofía racional pura. Schelling diferencia, siguiendo a Kant en el ideal trascendental, la omnitudo realitatis respecto de aquello que ésta es. La omnituto realitatis la aclara a través (...) de los conceptos platónicos de peras y apeiron. En esta explicación consigue mantener libre respecto de la omnitudo realitatis eso que el ente –en un sentido eminente– es. O dicho de otro modo: pensar mundo y Dios de modo que éste sea pensado como independiente y libre frente al proceso del mundo.Palabras clavesIdeal trascendental kantiano, peras, apeiron, ser universal, ser individual absolutoABSTRACTSchelling’s work shows his effort to clarify the transcendental Kantian ideal through the platonic concepts of peras and apeiron. The article below describes this effort, in his early text Timaeus, 1794 as well as in his later texts, about rational pure philosophy. Schelling distinguishes, following Kant in the transcendental ideal, the omnitudo realitatis from what it actually is. The omnitudo realitatis is explained through the concepts of peras and apeiron. In this explanation what the entity is –in an eminent sense– remains free from the omnitudo realitatis. In other words: the thought of the world and God in a sense that you can think about God independently and apart from the world process.KeywordsThe transcendental kantian ideal, peras, apeiron, the universal being, the absolute individual being. (shrink)

Geschichtsphilosophie entsteht aus der Auseinandersetzung der seit Descartes ihrer selbst bewussten Vernunft mit der Tradition, besonders mit der Religion. Spinoza vertritt vehement einen vernunftigen Gottesbegriff. Ihm schliessen sich in Schellings Sicht Lessing und Herder an. Kants Kritik ersetzt diesen Gottesbegriff durch einen kritischen, der Freiheit in der Geschichte denken lasst. Schelling denkt uber Kant hinaus den sich offenbarenden Gott als Ermoglichung von Geschichte, als Vollzug von Freiheit. Die Auseinandersetzung mit der religiosen Tradition fuhrte nicht zu einer Auflosung des Gottesbegriffs, sondern (...) vielmehr zu seinem tieferen Verstandnis. (shrink)

Schelling bezieht sich in seiner reinrationalen, d. i. negativen Philosophie auf Kants praktische Philosophie die er kritisiert, um sie an ihr Ziel zu führen. Die negative Philosophie hat die Aufgabe Kants zu lösen, die Prinzipien des Bewusstsein darzustellen; diese begründen Denkmöglichkeiten. Die Prinzipien sind in der negativen Philosophie erschöpft, damit aber auch die Beweismöglichkeiten. Die positive Philosophie führt zur Wirklichkeit, und zwar durch Erweise von Freiheit, wie sie sich im menschlichen Handeln erweist, damit durch Geschichtszeichen. Zu erweisen ist die Überwindung (...) der Unfreiheit, bzw. des Bösen. Im Bösen setzt sich nach Kant das Individuum als Prinzip über das Gesetz. Aber auch wenn das Individuum dem Gesetz folgt, ist es immer noch Prinzip des Handelns und insofern vom Bösen nicht unterschieden. Erst wenn das Individuum sich nicht als Prinzip setzt, sondern den guten Willen in sich handeln lässt, lebt es in Güte und Freiheit. (shrink)

RESUMENLa disputa entre Jacobi y Schelling sobre los conceptos fundamentales de fundamento y causa a propósito de las cosas divinas (1811/1812) será analñizada con la intención de prinfundizar en la comrpensión de la libertad.PALABRAS CLAVESSCHELLING, JACOBI, LIBERTAD, VOLUNTAD, CAUSA Y FUNDAMENTOABSTRACTThe in the dispute between Jacobi and Schelling about the divine things (1811/12)central notions of reason and cause are inquired into a sufficient understanding ofliberty.KEY WORDSSCHELLING, JACOBI, FREEDOM, WILL, CAUSE, BASIS.

La disputa entre Jacobi y Schelling sobre los conceptos fundamentales de fundamento y causa a propósito de las cosas divinas será analizada con la intención de profundizar en la comprensión de la libertad.

This chapter presents the text of a lecture on legal orders in Europe given at the British Academy's 2008 Law Lecture. This text suggests that developments in European and international law make it increasingly hard to sustain the view that a single system of law operates within each sovereign territory. It explains that in Europe, different legal orders seem to coexist, in relation to the same issues, within the same legal space; and questions constantly arise about which law is to (...) prevail. (shrink)